We have repeatedly discussed the adverse effects of conflicts of interest on health care. Recently, I
argued that the most pernicious are conflicts of interest created as an incentive for trusted health care leaders, usually respected health care professionals or academics, to promote the vested interests of those who pay them, in the guise of the leaders' professional roles. In this capacity, the leaders are often dubbed "key opinion leaders" by those who employ them, but may be regarded as mere "salesmen" by the corporate personnel who recruit them. (See posts
here and
here) These relationships may be hidden, often behind confidentiality agreements, unless revealed by litigation. Documents revealed by discovery in legal actions showed how companies planned other organized stealth marketing efforts for drugs that included activities by KOLs (e.g., see post
here about marketing of Lexapro, and
here about Neurontin).
However, defenses of conflicts of interest continue to appear regularly. The latest example, which incorporates an important twist, appeared
in yesterday's Wall Street Journal. It was in the form of a "Boss Talk" interview with a leader of a major health care organization (whose identity we will discuss later.)
The title of the interview indicated that the interviewee was not "worried about industry ties" of academia or of health care professionals. Conflicts of interest were clearly its main focus. For example, it began,
Many universities are wringing their hands over the increasing coziness of medical schools and their corporate partners.
Then it stated that the interviewee:
has no such qualms.
The defense of this lack of qualms was heavily based on logical fallacies.
Biased Sample or Hasty GeneralizationThe main reason for this lack of concern appeared to be complete disregard of the more serious kinds of conflict of interest briefly described above. The interviewer asked:
What are the trickiest conflicts of interest to navigate?
The answer was:
Surgery is particularly challenging. Let's say you're a physician and you come up with a new hip replacement. You invented it so you're going to make a lot of money. But if you're going to do my surgery, I want you to put in the device you think is best. How do you separate that, when the person is the inventor and the great technician?
This may be tricky, but is arguably not the most tricky kind of conflict of interest.
The trickier example of the key opinion leader hired as a salesman was not raised by the interviewer or the interviewee. Such a case was graphically revealed by testimony of the aborted TMAP trial which implicated the former state mental health director as hired by Johnson and Johnson subsidiary Janssen to "promote Risperdal as a safe and effective medication." (See
this post.)
Industry spokespeople and key opinion leaders themselves tout KOLs as clinical, educational, and/or scientific experts chosen for their expertise to advance medicine, science and public health. There have been documented instances (e.g., see posts
here and
here) in which defectors from marketing departments of commercial health care corporations described KOLs as salespeople who could be more influential hidden within their professional or academic cloaks. Even some physicians paid to be speakers on behalf of pharmaceutical corporations have acknowledged their role as salespeople in fancy dress (see post
here). There are cases of documents revealed by discovery in legal actions that show how companies planned organized stealth marketing efforts for drugs that included activities by KOLs (e.g., see post
here about marketing of Lexapro, and
here about Neurontin).
Perhaps the interviewee was unaware of these issues. Whether due to ignorance or deliberate avoidance, failing to consider the full spectrum of conflicts of interest, and specifically ignoring those with the greatest likelihood of adverse effects, appears to be a logical fallacy in this instance. If deliberate, it appears to be reasoning from an (intentionally)
biased sample, if not, it appears to be a
hasty generalization.
The interview also included a few other choice logical fallacies that went unchallenged by the interviewer.
False DilemmaThe interviewer asked:
What do you tell professors who won't work with drug or biotech companies?
The response was:
I think that's a huge mistake. If you're a professor now, and you want to get your discovery to society, you either need to start a company or work with a company to commercialize a product.
Of course, in the "good old days," academic researchers got their "discoveries to society" simply by publishing them. Developing and marketing products based on their discoveries, while worthwhile undertakings in their own rights, were not considered part of the academic mission. Professors could still do this, if their goal was not to get rich. Yet the Bayh-Dole act allowed academic institutions to make money from their professors' discoveries, and the rush to commercialize the university has been on ever since. So while professors and academic institutions who are motivated mainly by money might not consider just putting the knowledge they discover in the public domain, that course remains possible, just not so lucrative.
The assertion that the only way to get a "discovery to society" is to start or work with a company is simply false, and using this assertion in an argument appears to be an example of a
false dilemma.
Straw Man The interviewee worked another argument into the same paragraph:
When professors have told me they won't work with companies anymore because they feel they'll have this scarlet letter, I think: 'Wouldn't that be sad if all the best scientists and clinicians won't work with companies because the public has said they're evil?'
I doubt that any of even the most vociferous critics of the conflicts of interest that now befog health care have claimed that those involved are evil, much less that they are have successfully convinced the whole public at large that anyone who "works with companies" is evil. Implying that this would be the result of criticism of conflicts of interest does not appear to be supported by evidence, and is probably flat wrong. Asserting it here appears to be an example of the
straw man fallacy.
Summary So the Wall Street Journal has added to our collection of defenses of conflicts of interest that seem mainly to be based on logical fallacies.
We have noted that logical fallacies are increasingly deployed to defend the status quo in health care, and particularly to defend the interests of those who are profiting the most from the current dysfunctional system. We have noted that several defenses of the conflicts of interest generated by financial relationships between physicians and medical academics on one hand and commercial health care firms on the other, were based on logical fallacies. (See examples
here,
here,
here, and
here.) I have yet to see a coherent, logical, fact-based argument that the benefits for patients' and the public's health of physicians and medical academics working part-time as consultants, advisers, speakers, and directors of health care corporations outweigh the obvious risks of biasing medical decision making, education and research in favor of vested interests.
In 2011, I
noted, "I have also yet to see an argument in favor of conflicts of interest made by anyone who does not have such conflicts."At least, however, up to that point I had not noted any such arguments made by people who had much power to enforce their views, as opposed to the ability to just express them. The interview discussed above, however, was a person who has such power.
The interview was with Dr Susan Desmond-Hellmann, the relatively new Chancellor of the University of California- San Francisco, who was just
named one of the "25 most influential people in biopharma." She has recently been advocating a change of direction towards commercialization for her campus, one of the most prestigious health care oriented universities/ academic medical centers in the country. She previously justified this redirection again using logical fallacies (look
here).
She also appears to yet another advocate for conflicts of interest who has her own conflicts. As we noted
here, Dr Desmond-Hellmann had little academic experience before she became Chancellor, but had worked her way up in the corporate pharmaceutical world, leaving her position as President for drug development at Genentech after it was taken over by Roche.
As we
noted previously, even after that, Dr Desmond-Hellmann apparently has not completely left the corporate world.
- A
web-site for a speakers' bureau in which she apparently still participates lists her as a current "Advisor of Genentech since April 2009."
- In 2010, Dr Desmond-Hellmann joined the board of directors of Procter and Gamble, a company which makes many health related products, although it sold its global pharmaceutical business. Last year, the company made an agreement with Teva to market over-the counter medications (see
this Reuters article). Note that she got this position despite apparently not having any prior personal investment in P&G stock. However, per the company's
2011 proxy statement, she appears to be in line to collect over $250,000 a year in compensation for this position.
It does not seem impossible that these ongoing commercial interests may influence how she acts in her role as Chancellor. Yet while it may be unsurprising, it is very disappointing that conflicts of interest are now being uncritically and illogically publicly defended by people in positions to exert so much influence on health care.
The noted cognitive psychologists George Loewenstein, Sunita Sah, and Daylian Cain just asserted in JAMA [Loewenstein G, Sah S, Cain DM. The unintended consequences of conflict of interest disclosure. JAMA 2012; 307: 669-670. Link
here.]
Conflicts of interest, including fee-for-service arrangements, are at the heart of the astronomical increases in health care costs in the United States, and transparency is not substitute for more substantive reform.
True health care reform requires such substantive reform of the financial arrangements among corporations that sell health care services or products and health care professionals and others who make decisions about patients' or the public's health. To decide how to accomplish such reform, we need a better discussion informed by logic and evidence, sans logical fallacies. Those who lead health care ought to be able to participate in this discussion under these conditions.
When my insurance company refused to pay for any of my last residential treatment (after years of failed attempts at outpatient programs), I fought back. I used all of my internal and external appeals rights. It took me three years and a blizzard of paperwork, but one day a check for half of my treatment appeared in the mail.